(Also available in WeScheme)
Students play a simple video game, identifying which components are constant, which are variables, and how they change. They discuss their favorite games and think about the work involved in making them.
Lesson Goals |
Students will be able to:
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Student-Facing Lesson Goals |
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Materials |
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Key Points for the Facilitator |
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Supplemental Resources |
- coordinate
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a number describing an object’s location
- variable
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a name or symbol that stands for some value or expression, often a value or expression that changes
🔗Reverse Engineering a video game 25 minutes
Overview
Students play a simple video game, and gradually break it down into parts. Doing so reveals how coordinates play a crucial role in video games, and how animation is created via equations that govern the changing values of those coordinates.
Launch
Play the Ninja Cat Game onscreen while students watch. Purposely make mistakes while playing the game, which should elicit responses/direction from students.
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Take turns playing the game in pairs.
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After you’ve both had a chance to play, write down what you notice about the game on Notice and Wonder.
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"Notice"s should be statements, not questions. What stood out to you? What do you remember?
Crowdsource students' Notices.
What do you wonder about the game? What questions do you have about how it works? Write these down on Notice and Wonder.
Crowdsource students' Wonders.
Pedagogy Note: Notice & Wonder This pedagogy is a widely-used best practice in Math-Ed, and is used throughout this course. In the "Notice" phase, students are asked to crowd-source their observations. No observation is too small or too silly! By listening to other students' observations, students may find themselves taking a closer look at the game. The "Wonder" phase involves students raising questions, but they must also explain the context for those questions. Sharon Hessney (moderator for the NYTimes excellent What’s going on in this Graph? activity) sometimes calls this "what do you wonder…and why?". Both of these phases should be done in groups or as a whole class, with adequate time given to each. |
Investigate
Students complete the Reverse Engineer a video game worksheet in pairs.
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1st Column: What are all the various things in this game? (A dog, Clouds, etc.)
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2nd Column: For each of those "things", what is changing about them? (Location, Position, etc.)
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3rd Column: For each change, how is it modeled mathematically? What variable(s) does the program need to keep track of?(x-coordinate, y-coordinate, amount, etc.)
Common Misconceptions
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Students are likely to describe what the character is doing, as opposed to what changes. For example: "The dog is moving to the left" is not actualy describing the property being changed (position, place, location, etc).
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Students may write down what they hope is changeable, as opposed to what actually changes. It’s common for students to say the cat’s costume is changing, because they assume the cat will somehow "level up" if they get enough points.
Synthesize
The main idea here is to understand that while we see images on a screen, the computer only sees a small set of variables, which uniquely model the state of the game. The way those numbers change determines how the game behaves, and we can add features to the game if we’re willing to keep track of more variables.
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If the x- and y-coordinates are each numbers, how many numbers does it take to represent a single frame of the video game?
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Six: 2 for the cat, and 1 each for the dog, cloud, ruby, and score
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How are those numbers changing - or varying - as the game plays? When do they increase? Decrease?
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The cat’s y-coordinate increases when they jump and decreases when they fall. x-coordinates increase when a character moves right, and decreases when they move left. The score increases when the cat gets a ruby or jumps on the dog.
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How many variables would we need if the dog could also move up and down?
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Seven: we’d need to add the dog’s y-coordinate.
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How many variables would we need to have a two-player game?
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(Sample answer) Eight: we’d need to add a second set of x-y coordinates.
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How many variables would we need if the entire game was in 3d?
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(Sample answer) Nine: we’d need to add z-coordinates to each character.
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How many variables would we need to keep track of in a modern video game?
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A whole lot — Thousands. Millions!
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🔗Connecting to Real Games 25 minutes
Overview
Students apply this way of thinking to more complex, real-world games. They also get a sense for how much work is involved in creating games like that.
Launch
Ask students to share out their favorite current video game. Write the names of the games on the board.
Investigate
Let’s choose one current, popular game to discuss.
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How long do you think it took to create that game?
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How many people do you think it takes to create a game like that?
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How much money does it take to create a game like that?
Collect students estimates for each of the questions above.
Optional: Once students have made their estimates, have students use the Internet to research these questions and compare the actual numbers to their estimates.
Answers: There’s a lot of variability, especially between game consoles and cell phone games! But here’s a few sample numbers:
| Title | Time | Team Size | Budget |
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Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 |
2 years |
500+ |
50m+ |
Final Fantasy VII |
3 years |
100+ |
40-45m |
Shadow of the Tomb Raider |
3+ years |
100+ |
75m+ |
The goal here is not to discourage students from the possibility of eventually creating a game like their favorite game, but to manage expectations given our limited resources (time, money, and people). By starting with this game project, students are learning transferable skills that can help them later on in learning new programming languages and creating bigger projects.
Synthesize
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Share-back: have students share their estimates with the class. Was anything drastically higher or lower than they expected?
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What does this tell us about making modern games?
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Are we likely to create games like the ones you researched?
The 3d, two-player version of NinjaCat needed a lot more numbers than the simple one you saw here, but the actual concepts at work are the same. Even if we don’t have time to make games like the ones we chose here, you’ll learn the same concepts just by making a simpler one.
These materials were developed partly through support of the National Science Foundation,
(awards 1042210, 1535276, 1648684, and 1738598). 
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