instagram

Students begin to program in Pyret, learning about basic data types, operations, and value definitions.

Prerequisites

None

Lesson Goals

Students will be able to…​

  • Identify examples of the following data types: Numbers, Strings, and Booleans

  • Write Numbers, Strings, and Booleans in the Interactions Area

Student-facing Lesson Goals

  • Let’s explore programming in Pyret and learn about data types.

  • I can explain what Strings and Booleans are

Materials

Preparation

  • Make sure all materials have been gathered

  • Computer for each student (or pair), with access to the internet

  • Student workbook, and something to write with

  • Decide how students will be grouped in pairs

  • Make sure student computers can access WeScheme

Supplemental Resources

Key Points For The Facilitator

  • Error messages are the computer trying to give us a clue that something is wrong. Model reacting to error messages with interest to demonstrate to students that the messages are a helpful tool.

Language Table

Types

Functions

Values

Number

+, -, *, /, expt, sqr, sqrt

4, -1.2, 2/3, pi

Click here to see the prior unit-based version.

Glossary
Boolean

a type of data with two values: true and false

definitions area

the left-most text box in the Editor where definitions for values and functions are written

editor

software in which you can write and evaluate code

error message

information from the computer about errors in code

interactions area

the right-most text box in the Editor, where expressions are entered to evaluate

syntax error

errors where the computer cannot make sense of the code (e.g. - missing commas, parentheses, unclosed strings)

🔗Numbers & Strings 20 minutes

Overview

Working together using a Driver/Navigator group setup, students experiment with the Editor. They explore Number and String datatypes, and how they behave in this programming language.

Launch

Driver/Navigator Driver/Navigator🖼Show image When programming in this class, you’ll be working together using the Driver/Navigator model. Each group can only have one "Driver" - their hands are on the keyboard, and their job is to manage the typing, clicking, shortcuts, etc. If you’re not a Driver, you’re a "Navigator" - your job is to tell the Driver where to go, what to type, etc. A good Driver types only what the Navigator tells them to, and a good Navigator makes sure to give clear and precise instructions.

The Driver/Navigator Model

This model of pair programming is extremely useful for teasing apart the "thinking" step from the "typing" one. Students - especially those who are new to text-based programming or typing itself - can struggle to put their thoughts into the programming environment. This model allows them to focus on communicating their ideas, but letting the Driver focus on the coding. Likewise, the Driver has a chance to focus on syntax and programming. Finally, the requirement that ideas are translated through another person’s hands is an excellent scaffold for getting students talking about their thinking and about code.

You can read more about the Driver/Navigator model here…​

Students should open WeScheme in their browser, and click "Log In". This will ask them to log in with a valid Google account (Gmail, Google Classroom, YouTube, etc.), and then show them the "My Programs" page. This page is empty - they don’t have any programs yet! Have them click "Start a New Program".

Our Editing Environment Our Editing Environment🖼Show image This screen is called the Editor, and it looks something like the diagram you see here. There are a few buttons at the top, but most of the screen is taken up by two large boxes: the Definitions Area on the left and the Interactions Area on the right.

The Definitions Area is where programmers define values and functions that they want to keep, while the Interactions Area allows them to experiment with those values and functions. This is like writing function definitions on a blackboard, and having students use those functions to compute answers on scrap paper.

For now, we will only be writing programs in the Interactions Area on the right.

Investigate

Math is a language, just like English, Spanish, or any other language. Languages have nouns (e.g. “ball”, “tomato”, etc.) and verbs, which are actions we can perform on these nouns (e.g. - I can “throw a ball”). Math and programming also have values, like the numbers 1, 2 and 3. And, instead of verbs, they have functions, which are actions we can perform on values (e.g. - “I can square a number”).

Languages also have rules for syntax. In English, for example, words don’t have ! and ? in the middle. In math and programming numbers don’t have & in them.

Languages also have rules for grammar. The cat sat. is a sentence, whereas The sat cat. is nonsense, even though all the words are valid syntax. The order of the words matters!

Keeping the importance of syntax and grammar in mind is helpful when learning to program!.

Have students complete Numbers and Strings (Page 17). Ask them to pay special attention to the error messages!

  • What did you Notice? What do you Wonder?

  • Did you get any error messages? What did you learn from them? Most of the error messages we’ve just seen were drawing our attention to syntax errors: Missing commas, unclosed strings, etc.

Synthesize

Our programming language knows about many types of numbers, and they behave pretty much the way they do in math. Discuss what students have learned:

  • Numbers and Strings evaluate to themselves.

  • Our Editor is pretty smart, and can automatically switch between showing a rational number as a fraction or a decimal, just by clicking on it!

  • Anything in quotes is a String, even something like "42".

  • Strings must have quotation marks on both sides.

🔗Booleans 20 minutes

Overview

This lesson introduces students to Booleans, a unique datatype with only two values: "true" and "false", and why they are useful in both the real world and the programming environment.

Launch

What’s the answer: is 3 greater than 10?

Boolean-producing expressions are yes-or-no questions and will always evaluate to either true (“yes”) or false (“no”). The ability to separate inputs into two categories is unique and quite useful!

For example, some rollercoasters with loops require passengers to be a minimum height to make sure that riders are safely held in place by the one-size-fits all harnesses. The gate keeper doesn’t care exactly how tall you are, they just check whether you are as tall as the mark on the pole. If you are, you can ride, but they don’t let people on the ride who are shorter than the mark because they can’t keep them safe. Similarly, when you log into your email, the computer asks for your password and checks whether it matches what’s on file. If the match is true it takes you to your messages, but, if what you enter doesn’t match, you get an error message instead.

Brainstorm other scenarios where Booleans are useful in and out of the programming environment.

Investigate

In pairs, students complete Booleans (Page 18), making predictions about what a variety of Boolean expressions will return and testing them in the editor.

Synthesize

Debrief student answers as a class.

What sets Booleans apart from other data types?

These materials were developed partly through support of the National Science Foundation, (awards 1042210, 1535276, 1648684, and 1738598). CCbadge Bootstrap:Algebra by the Bootstrap Community is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Unported License. This license does not grant permission to run training or professional development. Offering training or professional development with materials substantially derived from Bootstrap must be approved in writing by a Bootstrap Director. Permissions beyond the scope of this license, such as to run training, may be available by contacting contact@BootstrapWorld.org.