What's Covered in 25 Hours?

Practice Standard	Alignment
MP.1: Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them	Bootstrap students are confronted with challenging problems, and use a problem-solving methodology known as the Design Recipe to solve them. The recipe teaches critical thinking, asking students to write down what they know and think through each step on their way to a solution.
MP.2: Reason abstractly and quantitatively	Students focus on mathematical models of program behavior, and use quantitative examples to prove these models correct.
MP.3: Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others	Teachers engage students in discussion about each step in the Design Recipe, asking them to explain how they move from one step to another. In addition, students are challenged to debug the code of others, not just by identifying programmatic flaws but by also identifying faulty reasoning.
MP.4: Model with mathematics	When Bootstrap students want their characters to move, to stay onscreen or collide with one another, they must first model that behavior mathematically. And since the programming language is purely algebraic, these models become the programs themselves!
MP.5: Use appropriate tools strategically	Even programmers know that a computer isn't the perfect tool for every situation. Bootstrap students draw graphical diagrams, write out written examples, and use the computer when the situation calls for it.
MP.6: Attend to precision	Communicating precisely is key, whether you're a mathematician or a professional programmer. In Bootstrap, students consider datatypes, select clear function and variable names, and write comments for their code.
MP.7: Look for and make use of structure	Bootstrap students look closely at worked-out examples before generalizing to a formula, as part of the Design Recipe. When working with the Circles of Evaluation, students consider the structure of arithmetic expressions as functions being composed on one another -- and this structure becomes the basis for their code.
MP.8: Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning	By practicing the Design Recipe repeatedly, students begin to discern the connection between multiple representations of functions. They notice patterns in the examples they write and contracts they derive.

Algebra Standard	Bootstrap Units
N-Q: Reason quantitatively and use units to solve problems.	Units 1, 2, 3 and 5
6.NS.5-8: Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.	Unit 1
7.EE.1-4: The student uses numerical and algebraic expressions and equations to solve real-life and mathematical problems.	Units 3 and 6
8.F.1-3: Define, evaluate, and compare functions.	Unit 4, 6 and 8
A-SSE.1-2: Interpret the structure of expressions	Units 1, 2, 3, 7 and Supplemental Lessons
A-SSE.3-4: Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems	Units 1, 2 and Supplemental Lessons
A-CED.1-4: Create equations that describe numbers or relationships	Units 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and Supplemental Lessons
A-REI.1-2: Understand solving equations as a process of reasoning and explain the reasoning	Units 1, 2 and Supplemental Lessons
A-REI.3-4: Solve equations and inequalities in one variable	Unit 6
A-REI.10-12: Represent and solve equations and inequalities graphically	Unit 6
8.G.6-8: Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem	Unit 8
F-IF.1-3: Understand the concept of a function and use function notation	Units 2-9 and Supplemental Lessons
F-IF.4-6: Interpret functions that arise in applications in terms of the context	Units 3, 4, 6, 8 and Supplemental Lessons
F.IF.7-9: Analyze functions using different representations	Units 3-9 and Supplemental Lessons
F-BF.1-2: Build a function that models a relationship between two quantities	Units 3-9 and Supplemental Lessons
F-BF.3-4: Build new functions from existing functions	Units 6, 7, 8 and Supplemental Lessons
F-LE.1-4: Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models and solve problems	Unit 3
F-LE.5: Interpret expressions for functions in terms of the situation they model	Unit 5 and Supplemental Lessons
F-TF.5: Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions	Supplemental Lessons

TEKS Standard	Alignment
1A (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to apply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace	Units 3-8
1B (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to use a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the problem-solving process and the reasonableness of the solution	Units 3-8
1C (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to select tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense as appropriate, to solve problems;	Units 3-8
1D (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to communicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate	Units 3-8
1F (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to analyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas	Units 3-8
1G (all grades): Mathematical process standards. The student uses mathematical processes to acquire and demonstrate mathematical understanding. The student is expected to display, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication	Units 3-8
5.4F: Algebraic reasoning. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop concepts of expressions and equations. The student is expected to simplify numerical expressions that do not involve exponents, including up to two levels of grouping.	Units 1-2
5.8A: Geometry and measurement. The student applies mathematical process standards to identify locations on a coordinate plane. The student is expected to describe the key attributes of the coordinate plane, including perpendicular number lines (axes) where the intersection (origin) of the two lines coincides with zero on each number line and the given point (0, 0); the x-coordinate, the first number in an ordered pair, indicates movement parallel to the x-axis starting at the origin; and the y-coordinate, the second number, indicates movement parallel to the y-axis starting at the origin.	Unit 1
5.8B: Geometry and measurement. The student applies mathematical process standards to identify locations on a coordinate plane. The student is expected to describe the process for graphing ordered pairs of numbers in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.	Unit 1
5.8C: Geometry and measurement. The student applies mathematical process standards to identify locations on a coordinate plane. The student is expected to graph in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane ordered pairs of numbers arising from mathematical and real-world problems, including those generated by number patterns or found in an input-output table.	Units 1-2
6.2C: Number and operations. The student applies mathematical process standards to represent and use rational numbers in a variety of forms. The student is expected to locate, compare, and order integers and rational numbers using a number line.	Units 1-2
6.4B: Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop an understanding of proportional relationships in problem situations. The student is expected to apply qualitative and quantitative reasoning to solve prediction and comparison of real-world problems involving ratios and rates.	Units 4-5
6.6A: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use multiple representations to describe algebraic relationships. The student is expected to identify independent and dependent quantities from tables and graphs.	Units 4-8
6.6B: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use multiple representations to write an equation that represents the relationship between independent and dependent quantities from a table.	Units 4-8
6.7A: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop concepts of expressions and equations. The student is expected to generate equivalent numerical expressions using order of operations, including whole number exponents, and prime factorization.	Units 1-2
6.9A: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use equations and inequalities to represent situations. The student is expected to write one-variable, one-step equations and inequalities to represent constraints or conditions within problems.	Units 4-8
6.10A: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use equations and inequalities to solve problems. The student is expected to model and solve one-variable, one-step equations and inequalities that represent problems, including geometric concepts.	Units 4-8
6.10B: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use equations and inequalities to solve problems. The student is expected to determine if the given value(s) make(s) one-variable, one-step equations or inequalities true.	Units 4-8
6.11A: Measurement and data. The student applies mathematical process standards to use coordinate geometry to identify locations on a plane. The student is expected to graph points in all four quadrants using ordered pairs of rational numbers.	Unit 2
7.5C: Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use geometry to describe or solve problems involving proportional relationships. The student is expected to solve mathematical and real-world problems involving similar shape and scale drawings.	Units 2-3
7.10A: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use one-variable equations and inequalities to represent situations. The student is expected to write one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities to represent constraints or conditions within problems.	Units 6, 8
7.11B: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to solve one-variable equations and inequalities. The student is expected to determine if the given value(s) make(s) one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities true.	Units 6, 8
8.3A: Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional relationships to describe dilations. The student is expected to generalize that the ratio of corresponding sides of similar shapes are proportional, including a shape and its dilation.	Unit 2, Supplemental Units
8.3B: Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional relationships to describe dilations. The student is expected to compare and contrast the attributes of a shape and its dilation(s) on a coordinate plane.	Unit 2, Supplemental Units
8.5I: Proportionality. The student applies mathematical process standards to use proportional and non-proportional relationships to develop foundational concepts of functions. The student is expected to write an equation in the form y = mx + b to model a linear relationship between two quantities using verbal, numerical, tabular, and graphical representations.	Units 4-5
8.6C: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to develop mathematical relationships and make connections to geometric formulas. The student is expected to use models and diagrams to explain the Pythagorean theorem.	Unit 8
8.7C: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use geometry to solve problems. The student is expected to use the Pythagorean theorem and its converse to solve problems.	Unit 8
8.7D: Expressions, equations, and relationships. The student applies mathematical process standards to use geometry to solve problems. The student is expected to determine the distance between two points on a coordinate plane using the Pythagorean theorem.	Unit 8
A.2A: Linear functions, equations, and inequalities. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of linear functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, linear equations, inequalities, and systems of equations. The student is expected to determine the domain and range of a linear function in mathematical problems; determine reasonable domain and range values for real-world situations, both continuous and discrete; and represent domain and range using inequalities.	Units 4-8
A.6A: Quadratic functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using properties of quadratic functions to write and represent in multiple ways, with and without technology, quadratic equations. The student is expected to determine the domain and range of quadratic functions and represent the domain and range using inequalities.	Units 4, Supplemental Units
A.7A: Quadratic functions and equations. The student applies the mathematical process standards when using graphs of quadratic functions and their related transformations to represent in multiple ways and determine, with and without technology, the solutions to equations. The student is expected to graph quadratic functions on the coordinate plane and use the graph to identify key attributes, if possible, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, maximum value, minimum values, vertex, and the equation of the axis of symmetry.	Units 4, Supplemental Units
G.2A: Coordinate and transformational geometry. The student uses the process skills to understand the connections between algebra and geometry and uses the one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to verify geometric conjectures. The student is expected to understand the connections between algebra and geometry and uses the one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to verify geometric conjectures.	Unit 8
G.2B: Coordinate and transformational geometry. The student uses the process skills to understand the connections between algebra and geometry and uses the one- and two-dimensional coordinate systems to verify geometric conjectures. The student is expected to derive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships, including congruence of segments and parallelism or perpendicularity of pairs of lines.	Unit 8
G.3A: Coordinate and transformational geometry. The student uses the process skills to generate and describe rigid transformations (translation, reflection, and rotation) and non-rigid transformations (dilations that preserve similarity and reductions and enlargements that do not preserve similarity). The student is expected to describe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation.	Unit 2, Supplemental Units
G.4B: Logical argument and constructions. The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to understand geometric relationships. The student is expected to identify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement and recognize the connection between a biconditional statement and a true conditional statement with a true converse	Unit 7
G.4C: Logical argument and constructions. The student uses the process skills with deductive reasoning to understand geometric relationships. The student is expected to verify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample.	Unit 7

CSTA Standard	Alignment
2-DA-07: Represent data using multiple encoding schemes.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 Students encode data using multiple mathematical representations (Algebra), data structures (Reactive), and tabular or visual representations (Data Science).
2-DA-08: Collect data using computational tools and transform the data to make it more useful and reliable.	Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 Bootstrap:Data Science introduces students to a number of data analysis methods, encouraging them to ask questions of large datasets and then sort, filter, and define functions over data to answer those questions.
2-DA-09: Refine computational models based on the data they have generated.	Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap:Reactive has students walk through an iterative design process for adding and refining elements in their programs based on what things will be changing within their programs. Bootstrap:Data Science has students refine data sets by sorting, filtering, and defining functions over data, as well as thinking critically about the need to remove outliers in their data.
2-AP-11: Create clearly named variables that represent different data types and perform operations on their values.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 2-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 All Bootstrap courses cover functions and variables, including named values and inputs to built-in and user-defined functions.
2-AP-13: Decompose problems and subproblems into parts to facilitate the design, implementation, and review of programs	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 5-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap introduces students to programming problems that benefit from decomposition into multiple functions and/or data structures. The Design Recipe provides some structured guidance on when to introduce new functions when decomposing problems. Bootstrap:Algebra and Bootstrap:Reactive introduce the idea of top-down or bottom-up strategies for decomposition.
2-AP-14: Create procedures with parameters to organize code and make it easier to reuse.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap:Algebra introduces the core idea of functions as abstractions over repeated computations. Bootstrap:Reactive moves into larger programs that get decomposed into subproblems, which are designed, implemented, and tested independently. Bootstrap:Data Science introduces the idea of writing functions over tabular data to answer meaningful questions about that data.
2-AP-17: Systematically test and refine programs using a range of test cases.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Design and execution of test cases is emphasized throughout all Bootstrap courses. Students are required to write multiple test cases (including expected answers for each) for each function; our software helps them track which tests are passing and which are failing.
2-AP-19: Document programs in order to make them easier to follow, test, and debug.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap's Design Recipe emphasizes design, documentation, coding, and testing throughout every course. The process is explicit in Bootstrap's worksheets and exercises, and student-generated documentation is assessed along with the code it explains.
3A-DA-11: Create interactive data visualizations using software tools to help others better understand real-world phenomena.	Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 Bootstrap:Data Science introduces students to pie charts, bar charts, histograms, scatterplots, and more as a way of answering questions about, and better understanding real-world datasets. The course culminates in students writing a research paper incorporating these data visualizations about a topic they care about.
3A-AP-16: Design and iteratively develop computational artifacts for practical intent, personal expression, or to address a societal issue by using events to initiate instructions.	Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Reactive introduces the concept of reactors and event-driven programming, requiring students to write programs that respond to the passage of time, keypresses, and (optionally) mouse clicks and movement.
3A-AP-17: Decompose problems into smaller components through systematic analysis, using constructs such as procedures, modules, and/or objects.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 5-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap introduces students to programming problems that benefit from decomposition into multiple functions and data structures. The Design Recipe provides some structured guidance on when to introduce new functions when decomposing problems.
3A-AP-18: Create artifacts by using procedures within a program, combinations of data and procedures, or independent but interrelated programs.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 All Bootstrap courses culminate in a final project. For Bootstrap:Algebra and Reactive, the project is a video game or animation that makes use of multiple student-created functions to handle movement and interactivity. In Bootstrap:Data Science, students create a research paper and data science project as a result of analyzing, transforming, and interpreting data with functions.
3A-AP-23: Document design decisions using text, graphics, presentations, and/or demonstrations in the development of complex programs.	Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 4-9 The final project for Bootstrap:Data Science is a research paper written by each student which incorporates text, code, and data visualizations to demonstrate their process of analyzing, transforming, and interpreting data to answer meaningful questions.
3B-NI-05: Use data analysis tools and techniques to identify patterns in data representing complex systems.	Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 1-9 Bootstrap:Data Science introduces students to a number of data analysis methods, encouraging them to ask questions of large datasets and then sort, filter, and define functions over data to answer those questions.
3B-NI-07: Evaluate the ability of models and simulations to test and support the refinement of hypotheses.	Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap:Data Science has students examine various issues affecting data collection and analysis, including collection bias, threats to validity, and outliers. Using linear regression methods, students can test and refine their hypotheses about relationships in their dataset.
3B-AP-14: Construct solutions to problems using student-created components, such as procedures, modules and/or objects.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 5-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap:Algebra introduces the core idea of functions as abstractions over repeated computations, and has students document, test, and code multiple functions to create a video game. Bootstrap:Reactive moves into larger programs that get decomposed into sub-problems and helper functions, which are designed, implemented and tested independently. Bootstrap:Data Science introduces the idea of writing functions over tabular data to answer meaningful questions about that data.
3B-AP-21: Develop and use a series of test cases to verify that a program performs according to its design specifications.	Bootstrap:Algebra - Units 3-8 Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 1-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Design and execution of test cases is emphasized throughout all Bootstrap courses. Students are required to write multiple test cases (including expected answers for each) for each function; our software helps them track which tests are passing and which are failing.
3B-AP-22: Modify an existing program to add additional functionality and discuss intended and unintended implications (e.g., breaking other functionality).	Bootstrap:Reactive - Units 3-5 Bootstrap:Data Science - Units 2-9 Bootstrap:Reactive has students walk through an iterative design process for adding and refining elements in their programs based on what things will be changing within their programs. Bootstrap:Data Science has students refine data sets by sorting, filtering, and defining functions over data, as well as thinking critically about the need to remove outliers in their data.

K12 CS Framework	Alignment
Practice 1: Fostering an Inclusive Computing Culture	By integrating Computing into standard math classes, Bootstrap allows schools to immediately create an inclusive computing environment. Everyone takes math, which means everyone computes. But in addition to the course settings the curriculum allows, Bootstrap also embeds teamwork, metacognition and group reflection into every step of the programming process - from co-designing a game to thinking about effective co-working strategies, Bootstrap's pedagogy fosters an inclusive culture.
Practice 2: Collaborating Around Computing	Bootstrap students work on small teams, and must cultivate relationships with other students who possess diverse perspectives, skills and personalities. Students work on problems together, and are given strategies to evaluate and give feedback to one another at each step in the problem-solving process.
Practice 3: Recognizing and Defining Computational Problems	Bootstrap uses real-world problems throughout the course, as students are constantly engaged in the creation of a meaningful computational artifact (a videogame of their own invention, modeling a physics simulation, or analyzing a rich dataset). Each part of this project requires that students identify problems that can be solved computationally, decompose those problems into sub-problems, and evaluate the limits of their solutions.
Practice 4: Developing and Using Abstractions	Students develop and use abstractions throughout the course, starting with visual-spatial representations for arithmetic expressions and ending with complex, multi-function programs that define, use and re-use student-generated abstractions. Students define everything from Functions (Bootstrap:Algebra) to Data Structures (Bootstrap:Reactive), and Reactive Simulations (Bootstrap:Physics) to Big Data queries (Bootstrap:Data Science).
Practice 5: Creating Computational Artifacts	Bootstrap's project-based approach is absed on the creation of computational artifacts. Students write programs to draw flags, make a rocket blast off, trap a butterfly, run a cash register, implement a videogame, answer real questions with data, and model an observed physical phenomenon. The creation of these artifacts is personal, customizable, and based on a rigorous methodology for iterative design and problem solving.
Practice 6: Testing and Refining Computational Artifacts	Many introductory courses treat testing as a second-class citizen, either asking students to test by running a program and "seeing if it looks right" or by using programming tools that completely lack any framework for automated testing. By contrast, Bootstrap introduces testing early on in each course, and our languages and software enviroments offer rich support for writing tests and developing software based on test feedback.
Practice 7: Communicating About Computing	Students in our Data Science module must choose a question that matters to them, select a relevant dataset, and answer that question - justifying their choice and answer at every step. Students in our Physics, Data Structures and Algebra courses explain their thinking as well, whether it's about the creation of a piecewise function to handle key events or a data structure to model an interactive program.
Hardware and Software	Bootstrap:Reactive, Bootstrap:Data Science and Bootstrap:Physics introduce students to sophisticated programming paradigms, in which they must process user input as mediated by the software evironment. This mediation involves the flow of information from multiple sources (keyboards, mice, GPS systems, and internet-connected resources), and students must consider this flow when designing their programs.
Troubleshooting	All Bootstrap modules embrace Example Driven Design, in which students write test cases for each abstraction they create. This bakes in troubleshooting by design: a student immediately has a mechanism to locate an error, and knows a pedagogical approach for debugging their thinking process.
Data Collection	Students in Bootstrap:Data Science and Bootstrap:Physics collect data using an array of tools techniques: tapping into existing datasets (e.g. - Spreadsheets) as well as automated or manual sampling using an array of instruments. The choice of sampling mechanism is instruction, as it exposes students to the strengths and weaknesses of a particular approach. Movement-tracking via observation v. changes in a cell phone's GPS coordinates, for example, will influence the amount and quality of the data that is collected.
Visualization and Transformation	Our Data Science module embraces authentic data science concepts in a lightweight fashion: students must identify, transform, clean and manipulate data sets as they explore a research question of their own design. This involves everything from visualizing to aggregation, and rearrangement to transformation.
Inference and Models	Bootstrap:Algebra and Bootstrap:Reactive are all build around students' developing a model for a desired (or observed) behavior. Bootstrap:Algebra has students model the process of computation, and Bootstrap:Reactive gives students the ability to model the data behind it. Bootstrap:Physics goes one step farther, having students use these models to predict the behavior of a complex system. In these activities, the tradeoffs between model complexity and model quality become clear.
Algorithms	Bootstrap students consider many algorithms throughout our material. They are confronted with multiple ways to reach a solution, asked to generalize a algorithms so they can be re-used for other problems, and given opportunities to discuss the tradeoffs between different approaches.
Variables	Bootstrap introduces variables early on, with students confronting variables and functions almost immediately in Bootstrap:Algebra. These variables can be used to represent Numbers, Strings, Images, Booleans, data structures of infinite complexity, and even remote spreadsheets stored across the internet! Our pedagogy explicitly asks students to come up with meaningful identifiers for every variable they use, and Bootstrap:Reactive allows students to select their own Data Structures. (Note: in a slight deviation from the K12CS standards, Bootstrap uses the mathematical concept of variable. Namely, we do not discuss the notion of "machine storage", since that concept directly undermines the notion of variables in mathematics.)
Control	Students in all of Bootstrap's modules confront program control, sequences of evaluation, and conditionals. Bootstrap:Reactive, Data Science and Physics add loops and event handlers, to create more complex behavior.
Modularity	Bootstrap's focus on abstraction works hand in hand with the concept of modularity. Students decompose complex problems into smaller ones, and build abstractions (functions, data structures, etc) to solve them. The abstractions are used to organize code, and can be composed with one another or repurposed to solve more complex problems without having to duplicate code. Students assemble these abstractions to form complex, reactive programs - relying on the modularity of those abstractions to manage complexity.
Program Development	Our pedagogy is based on a robust process for program development, known as the Design Recipe. This approach has been used for decades at the university level, and mirrors many best practices from industrial contexts. The Design Recipe is an iterative process that involves defining type specifications, communicating those specifications through writing, building example-driven test cases, implementation, and testing.

Standards Alignment

What's Covered in 25 Hours?

Practice Standard

Alignment

Algebra Standard

Bootstrap Units

CSTA Standard

Alignment

K12 CS Framework

Alignment