Glossary

the inputs to a function; the expressions for each argument follow the function name

a representation of the center, or 'typical' value in a set of numbers, calculated as the sum of those numbers divided by the number of values.

a display of categorical data that uses bars positioned over category values; each bar’s height reflects the count or percentage of data values in that category

prejudice in favor of or against one outcome, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

a range that values from a dataset can belong to; there is one bar in a histogram per bin

a type of data with two values: true and false

the box plot (a.k.a. box-and whisker-plot) is a way of displaying a distribution of data based on the five-number summary: minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum

data whose values are qualities that are not subject to the laws of arithmetic

messages in the code, generally ignored by the computer, to help people interacting with the code understand what it is doing

a code expression made of questions and answers

a statement of the name, domain, and range of a function

errors where the code makes sense, but uses a function with the wrong number or type of arguments

a single number somewhere between -1 and +1 that reports the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables (also known as the r-value)

a structured piece of data in a dataset that typically reports all the information gathered about a given individual

the science of collecting, organizing, and drawing general conclusions from data, with the help of computers

a way of classifying values, such as: Number, String, Image, Boolean, or any user-defined data structure

a collection of related information that is composed of separate elements, but can be manipulated as a unit by a computer

to associate a descriptive name with a value

the left-most text box in the Editor where definitions for values and functions are written

the relationship between two quantitative variables: either they increase/decrease together or one may increase while the other decreases

a description of the number of times or relative probabilities that different quantities occur in a sample

the type or set of inputs that a function expects

software in which code can be written and evaluated

information from the computer about errors in code

shows the use of a function on specific inputs and the computation the function should perform on those inputs

any variable that could impact the "response variable", generally plotted on the x-axis of a scatter plot

the shape of a relationship between two quantitative variables: whether the two variables together vary linearly or in some other way

how often a particular value appears in a dataset

a relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible outputs, where each input is related to exactly one output

code that names a function, lists its variables, and states the expression to compute when the function is used

a non-random subset of individuals chosen from a larger set, where the individuals belong to a specific group

the titles of each column of a table, usually shown at the top

a display of quantitative data that uses vertical bars positioned over bins (sub-intervals); each bar’s height reflects the count or percentage of data values in that bin.

a column of unique values which identify all the individual rows (e.g. - student IDs, SSNs, etc)

the right-most text box in the Editor, where expressions are entered to be evaluated

(IQR) is one possible measure of spread, based on dividing a dataset into four parts. The values that divide each part are called the first quartile (Q1), the median, and third quartile (Q3). IQR is calculated as Q3 minus Q1.

summarizes the relationship (if linear) between two quantitative variables

a type of analysis that models the relationship between two quantitative variables. The result is known as a regression line, or line of best fit.

sequences that change at a constant rate, or points forming a straight line on a graph

the largest value in a dataset

a representation of the center, or 'typical' value in a set of numbers, calculated as the sum of those numbers divided by the number of values.

the middle element of a quantitative dataset

a function that is only associated with an instance of a data type, which consumes inputs and produces an output based on that instance

the smallest value in a dataset

the most commonly appearing categorical or quantitative value or values in a dataset

how we refer to a function or value defined in a language (examples: +, *, star, circle)

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

a symbol that manipulates two Numbers and produces a result

observations whose values are very different from the other observations in the same dataset, perhaps due to experimental error. Outliers can also be indicative of data belonging to a different population from the rest of the established samples.

a ratio showing the parts per hundred

a display that uses areas of a circular pie’s slices to show percentages in each category

a function that computes different expressions based on its input

a function which, given a value from one dataset, makes an educated guess at a related value in a different dataset

a set of rules for writing code that a computer can evaluate

a concise, detailed description of what a function does with its inputs

number values for which arithmetic makes sense

each of four equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the distribution of values of a particular variable.

a number between −1 and 1 that measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables (also known as correlation value)

a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set, such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen

the type or set of outputs that a function produces

the distance between minimum and maximum values

the relative sizes of two or more values

the variable in a relationship that is presumed to be affected by the explanatory variable, generally plotted on the y-axis of a scatter plot

a set of individuals or objects collected or selected from a statistical population by a defined procedure

the number of participants or observations included in a study

a display of the relationship between two quantitative variables, graphing each explanatory value on the x axis and the accompanying response on the y axis

The aspect of a dataset - visible in a histogram or box plot - that describes which values are more or less common.

lack of balance in a dataset’s shape, arising from more values that are unusually low or high. Such values tend to trail off, rather than be separated by a gap (as with outliers).

A distribution is skewed left if there are a few values that are fairly low compared to the others. A histogram of data that is skewed left will have a clump of taller bars on the right, with smaller ones trailing off to the left, like the shape of the toes on a left foot.

A distribution is skewed right if there are a few values that are fairly high compared to the bulk of data values. A histogram of data that is skewed right will have a clump of taller bars on the left, with smaller ones trailing off to the right, like the shape of the toes on a right foot.

the steepness of a straight line on a graph

the extent to which values in a dataset vary, either from one another or from the center

a number that measures spread of a dataset using the typical distance of values from their mean

using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population from which the sample was taken

of a relationship between two quantitative variables: how much the value of one variable tells us about the value of the other

A symmetric distribution has a balanced shape, showing that it’s just as likely for the variable to take lower values as higher values.

errors where the computer cannot make sense of the code (e.g. - missing commas, missing parentheses, unclosed strings)

factors that can undermine the conclusion of a study

a specific piece of data, like 5 or "hello"

a name or symbol that stands for some value or expression, often a value or expression that changes

the point where a line or curve crosses the y-axis of a graph