instagram

Students continue to practice making different kinds of data displays, this time focusing less on programming and more on using displays to answer questions. They also learn how to extract individual rows from a table, and columns from a row.

Prerequisites

Applying Functions

Relevant Standards

Select one or more standards from the menu on the left (⌘-click on Mac, Ctrl-click elsewhere).

Common Core Math Standards
8.SP.A.1

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.

CSTA Standards
3A-DA-11

Create interactive data visualizations using software tools to help others better understand real-world phenomena.

K-12CS Standards
6-8.Data and Analysis.Inference and Models

People transform, generalize, simplify, and present large data sets in different ways to influence how other people interpret and understand the underlying information. Examples include visualization, aggregation, rearrangement, and application of mathematical operations.

9-12.Data and Analysis.Visualization and Transformation

Data can be transformed to remove errors, highlight or expose relationships, and/or make it easier for computers to process.

Next-Gen Science Standards
HS-SEP4-1

Analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) in order to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution.

Oklahoma Standards
OK.8.DA.S.01

Analyze multiple methods of representing data and choose the most appropriate method for representing data.

Lesson Goals

Students will be able to…​

  • Given a human-language request for a data display involving the entire Animals Dataset, break it down into parts and generate the display.

  • Given a Table, use the row-n method to extract any Row from that table

  • Given a Row, use the column lookups to extract the value of any column in the Row

Student-facing Lesson Goals

  • Let’s practice making graphs and retrieving information from tables.

Materials

Preparation

  • Make sure all materials have been gathered

  • Decide how students will be grouped in pairs

  • Computer for each student (or pair), with access to the internet

  • Student workbook, and something to write with

  • All students should log into CPO and open the "Animals Starter File" they saved from the prior lesson. If they don’t have the file, they can open a new one

Supplemental Resources

Language Table

Types

Functions

Values

Number

num-sqrt, num-sqr

4, -1.2, 2/3

String

string-repeat, string-contains

"hello", "91"

Boolean

==, <, <=, >=, string-equal

true, false

Image

triangle, circle, star, rectangle, ellipse, square, text, overlay, bar-chart, pie-chart, bar-chart-summarized, pie-chart-summarized

🔵🔺🔶

Table

count
Glossary
categorical data

data whose values are qualities that are not subject to the laws of arithmetic.

contract

a statement of the name, domain, and range of a function

method

a function that is only associated with an instance of a datatype, which consumes inputs and produces an output based on that instance

quantitative data

number values for which arithmetic makes sense

🔗Displaying Data 20 minutes

Overview

Students get some more practice applying the plotting functions and working with Contracts, and begin to shift the focus from programming to data visualization. This activity stresses a hard programming skill (reading Contracts) with formal reading comprehension (identifying key portions of the sentence).

Launch

The Contracts page in the back of students' workbooks contains contracts for many plotting functions.

Suppose we wanted to generate a display showing the ratio of fixed to un-fixed animals from the shelter? How do we go from a simple sentence to working code that makes a data display?

To make a data display, we ask "Which Rows?", "Which Column(s)?", and "What Display?"

🖼Show image

  1. We start by asking which rows we’re talking about. In this case, it’s all the animals from the shelter.

  2. We also need to know which column(s) - or "which variable(s)" - we are displaying. In this case, it’s the fixed column.

  3. Finally, we need to know which display we are using. Is it a histogram? Bar chart? Scatter plots are essential for displaying relationships between columns, but the other displays only deal with one column. Some displays work for categorical data, and others are for quantitative data.

Once we can answer these questions, all we need to do is find the Contract for that display and fill in the Domain!

To display the categorical data, we can choose between pie and bar charts. Which one of these two is best, and why?

Investigate

Do you know what kind of data is used for each display?

Turn to What Display Goes with Which Data? (Page 18), and see if you identify what kind of data each display needs!

Let’s get some practice going from questions to code, making visualizations.

Turn to Data Displays (Page 19), and see if you can fill in these three parts for a number of data display requests. When you’re finished, try to make the display in Pyret using the appropriate function.

Synthesize

Debrief the activity with students.

Optional: As an extension, have students break into teams and come up with additional Data Display challenges, then race to see which team can complete the other team’s challenges first!

🔗Row and Column Lookups 30 minutes

Overview

Students learn how to access individual rows from a table in Pyret, and how to access a particular column from those rows.

Launch

Have students open their saved Animals Starter File (or make a new copy), and click “Run”.

Tables have special functions associated with them, called Methods, which allow us to do all sorts of things with those tables. For example, we can get the first data row in a table by using the .row-n method: animals-table.row-n(0)

Don’t forget: data rows start at index zero!

For practice, in the Interactions Area, use the row-n method to get the second and third data rows.

What is the Domain of .row-n? What is the Range? Find the contract for this method in your contracts table. A table method is a special kind of function which always operates on a specific table. In our example, we always use .row-n with the animals table, so the number we pass in is always used to grab a particular row from animals-table.

Pyret also has a way for us to get at individual columns of a Row, by using a Row Accessor. Row accessors start with a Row value, followed by square brackets and the name of the column where the value can be found. Here are three examples that use row accessors to get at different columns from the first row in the animals-table:

animals-table.row-n(0)["name"]
animals-table.row-n(0)["age"]
animals-table.row-n(0)["fixed"]

Investigate

We can use the row-n method to define entire animal rows as values. Type the following lines of code into the Definitions Area and click “Run”:

animalA = animals-table.row-n(4)
animalB = animals-table.row-n(13)

Flip back to page 2 of your workbook and look at The Animals Dataset. Which row is animalA? Label it in the margin next to the dataset. Which row is animalB? Label it in the margin next to the dataset.

Now turn back to your screen. What happens when you evaluate animalA in the Interactions Area?

  • Define at least two additional values to be animals from the animals-table, called animalC and animalD.

Synthesize

Have students share their answers, and see if there are any common questions that arise.

🔗Additional Exercises:

These materials were developed partly through support of the National Science Foundation, (awards 1042210, 1535276, 1648684, and 1738598). CCbadge Bootstrap:Data Science by Emmanuel Schanzer, Nancy Pfenning, Emma Youndtsmith, Jennifer Poole, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Joe Politz, Ben Lerner, Flannery Denny, and Dorai Sitaram with help from Eric Allatta and Joy Straub is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Unported License. Based on a work at www.BootstrapWorld.org. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available by contacting schanzer@BootstrapWorld.org.